By Francis Stokes and Patrick Smith
Investment account fraud is an evolving threat to individuals and businesses. Scammers use social media, messaging platforms, spoofing and increasingly artificial intelligence to make fraudulent investment opportunities appear legitimate. The schemes vary, but most rely on the same tactics: building trust, promising high returns with little risk, creating urgency and moving money before the victim has time to verify the opportunity.
Understanding common schemes and their warning signs can help investors and financial institutions identify and prevent fraud.
Common investment fraud schemes
Relationship investment scams (sometimes called “pig butchering”): Scammers build relationships through dating apps, social media or messaging platforms over days, weeks or months. Once trust is established, they introduce a seemingly lucrative investment or trading platform. Victims may see fabricated account statements showing significant returns and are encouraged to invest more. When they attempt to withdraw funds, they may be blocked or told to pay additional fees or taxes.
Red flags: An online relationship that quickly becomes financial, with often guaranteed or unusually high returns, unfamiliar trading platforms and requests for additional money to access supposed investment proceeds.
Pump-and-dump scams: Fraudsters promote a stock or cryptocurrency through social media or private messaging groups, often claiming that investors are receiving exclusive or early access. The resulting buying activity drives up the price. The fraudsters then sell their holdings, leaving other investors with losses.
Red flags: “Insider” investment opportunities, pressure to act quickly, anonymous recommendations, and claims that an asset is about to increase dramatically in value.
Rug pull scams: Typically involving cryptocurrency, a fraudster creates and promotes a new digital asset, often creating the appearance of strong demand. Once enough investors contribute funds, the fraudster withdraws the money or liquidity, leaving investors with an asset that has little or no value.
Red flags: New or unverifiable digital assets, anonymous developers, unexplained price increases and promises of extraordinary returns.
Impostor scams: Fraudsters impersonate trusted individuals, investment professionals, financial institutions or legitimate companies. They may use spoofed email addresses, fake websites and documents or AI-generated voices and videos to make the investment appear legitimate.
Red flags: Unexpected investment offers, slightly altered email addresses or websites, requests to move communications to private messaging platforms and instructions to send money to unrelated or personal accounts.
Ponzi schemes: Fraudsters use money from new investors to pay earlier investors, creating the appearance of legitimate returns. The scheme eventually collapses when new investments are insufficient to support withdrawals.
Red flags: Consistently high or guaranteed returns, difficulty withdrawing funds, limited verifiable information and pressure to recruit additional investors.
Pre-IPO scams: Fraudsters offer victims exclusive access to shares in a company before it becomes publicly traded. Professional-looking websites, documents and unsolicited communications are used to create credibility and urgency.
Red flags: Claims of exclusive access, pressure to invest quickly, inability to independently verify the offering and requests to send funds to offshore or unrelated accounts.
Affinity fraud: Affinity fraud exploits trust within identifiable communities, including professional, religious, social or other organizations. Fraudsters may claim to belong to the group or use respected community members to promote the investment.
Red flags: Investment opportunities promoted primarily through personal relationships, claims that a group has been given special access and discouragement of independent research.
Mitigating investment fraud
Engineer a pause. Fraudsters want victims to act quickly. Creating a pause before sending money is one of the most effective defenses.
Investors should independently:
- Research the investment, company and individuals involved
- Verify licenses and registrations
- Contact the purported company using trusted contact information
- Verify references rather than relying on information supplied by the solicitor
- Search for complaints, enforcement actions or other warnings
- Seek advice from an independent financial professional when appropriate
If an investment appears to come from a friend, family member or trusted professional, contact that person directly using a previously established communication method.
Investors should also protect their credentials and sensitive information. Never provide passwords, authentication codes or other security information to someone claiming to assist with an investment.
Strengthen financial institution controls. For financial institutions, customer education should be paired with transaction monitoring and effective intervention.
Investment fraud may produce transactions that are inconsistent with a customer’s normal behavior, including:
- Unusual transaction amounts or velocity
- New or unusual payees
- Transfers to cryptocurrency exchanges
- Transfers to newly established external accounts
- Unusual international or cross-border transactions
- Liquidation of established assets followed by rapid transfers
- Sudden changes in account behavior following a new relationship or communication pattern
Detection models should be supported by a clear customer-intervention strategy. Employees should be trained to recognize potential investment fraud and engage customers using active listening and empathy.
Questions can help uncover fraud without putting the customer on the defensive, such as: How did you learn about this investment? How do you know the person receiving the money? How did you independently verify the investment?
The objective is not simply to stop a transaction. It is to help the customer recognize the deception and prevent additional losses.
Investment fraud continues to evolve as criminals adopt new technology and increasingly sophisticated social-engineering techniques. Despite the variety of schemes, the warning signs are often consistent: unusually high returns, urgency, exclusivity, unfamiliar investment platforms, difficulty verifying the opportunity and pressure to move money quickly.
Investors can reduce their risk by slowing down, independently verifying investment opportunities and protecting their financial information. Financial institutions can further reduce losses through effective transaction monitoring, employee training and empathetic customer intervention.
When an investment opportunity creates pressure to act immediately, the safest first step is to pause, verify and then decide.
For additional information and resources on scams refer to these ABA fraud resources and infographic:
- Aba.com Fraud topic page
- Get Smart About Scams infographic
- Deepfake Media Scams infographic
- Crypto Investment Scams infographic
- ABA Fraud and Scams Exchange
Patrick Smith is SVP of fraud operations at American Bankers Association. Francis Stokes is an ABA intern.
